前言
代码来源《python编程从入门到实践》Eric Matthes 署 袁国忠 译
使用软件：PyCharm Community Editor 2022
目的：记录一下按照书上敲的代码
alien_invasion.py
游戏的一些初始化设置，调用已经封装好的函数方法，一个函数的调用实现一个游戏的部分。
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
from game_stats import GameStats
from button import Button
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settigns = Settings()
# 里面是一个元组
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settigns.screen_width, ai_settigns.screen_height))
# 窗口尺寸，宽高
# screen=pygame.display.set_mode((1200,800))
# 窗口标题
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建Play按钮
play_button = Button(ai_settigns, screen, "Play")
# 创建一个用于存储游戏统计信息的实例
stats = GameStats(ai_settigns)
# 创建储存游戏统计信息的实例，并创建记分牌
sb = Scoreboard(ai_settigns, screen, stats)
# 设置背景色
# bg_color=(230,230,230)
# 创建一艘飞船、一个子弹编组和一个外星人编组
ship = Ship(ai_settigns, screen)
# 创建一个用于存储子弹的编组
bullets = Group()
# 创建一个外星人
# alien=Alien(ai_settigns,screen)
aliens = Group()
# 创建外星人群
gf.create_fleet(ai_settigns, screen, ship, aliens)
# 开始游戏的主循环
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settigns, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets)
if stats.game_active:
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(ai_settigns, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
gf.update_aliens(ai_settigns, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
# print(len(bullets))
gf.update_screen(ai_settigns, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets, play_button)
# 监视键盘和鼠标事件
# for event in pygame.event.get():
# if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
# sys.exit()
# 每次循环都重绘屏幕
# screen.fill(bg_color)
# screen.fill(ai_settigns.gb_color)
# ship.blitme()
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
# pygame.display.flip()
run_game()
game_functions.py
游戏主体，具体功能的实现被封装在里面，按下按键、松开按键的响应，界面的更新、子弹的发射、外星人和飞船之间碰撞的检查等等。
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
from time import sleep
# 响应按键
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
# 按下键盘上的q键同样关闭游戏界面(需要是英文状态下)
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
# 响应松开
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
# 响应按键和鼠标事件
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
# if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
# ship.moving_right = True
# elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
# ship.moving_left = True
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
# if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
# ship.moving_right = False
# elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
# ship.moving_left = False
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y)
# 更新屏幕上的图像，并切换到新屏幕
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets, play_button):
# 每次循环时都重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
# 在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有子弹
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
# 显示得分
sb.show_score()
# 如果游戏处于非活动状态，就绘制Play按钮
if not stats.game_active:
play_button.draw_button()
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
# 更新子弹的位置，并删除已经消失的子弹
def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
# 更新子弹的位置
bullets.update()
# 删除已经消失的子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
# 检查是否有子弹击中了外星人
# 如果是这样，就删除相应的子弹和外星人
check_bullet_alien_collision(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
# 响应子弹和外星人的碰撞
def check_bullet_alien_collision(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
# 删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)
if collisions:
for aliens in collisions.values():
stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points
sb.prep_score()
check_high_score(stats, sb)
if len(aliens) == 0:
# 删除现有的子弹并新建一群外星人(如果整群外星人都被消灭，就提高一个等级)
bullets.empty()
ai_settings.increase_speed()
# 提高等级
stats.level += 1
sb.prep_level()
create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
# 如果还没有到达限制，就发射一颗子弹
def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
# 创建一颗子弹,并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
# 创建一个外星人群
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):
# 创建一个外星人，并计算每行可容纳多少个外星人
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height, alien.rect.height)
# 创建外星人群
for row_number in range(number_rows):
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
# 创建一个外星人并将其加入当前行
create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number)
# 计算每行可容纳多少个外星人
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
# 创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行
def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):
# 外星人间距为外星人的宽度
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
alien_width = alien.rect.width
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
aliens.add(alien)
# 计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人
def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):
available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (3 * alien_height) - ship_height)
number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
return number_rows
# 检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘，更新外星人群中所有外星人的位置
def update_aliens(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)
aliens.update()
# 检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):
# print("Ship hit!!!")
ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
# 检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端
check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
# 有外星人到达边缘采取相应的措施
def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens):
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.check_edges():
change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens)
break
# 将整群外星人下移，并改变他们的方向
def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens):
for alien in aliens.sprites():
alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
# 响应被外星人撞到的飞船
def ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
if stats.ships_left > 0:
# 将ships_letf减1
stats.ships_left -= 1
# 更新记分牌
sb.prep_ships()
# 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
# 创建一群新的外星人，并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央
create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
ship.center_ship()
# 暂停
sleep(0.5)
else:
stats.game_active = False
pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
# 检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
# 向飞船被撞到一样进行处理
ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
break
# 在玩家单机Play按钮时开始新游戏
def check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):
button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y)
if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
# 重置游戏设置
ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()
# 隐藏光标
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
# 重置游戏统计信息
stats.reset_stats()
stats.game_active = True
# 重置记分牌图像
sb.prep_score()
sb.prep_high_score()
sb.prep_level()
sb.prep_ships()
# 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
# 创建一群新的外星人，并让飞船居中
create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
ship.center_ship()
# 检查是否诞生了新的最高部分
def check_high_score(stats, sb):
if stats.score > stats.high_score:
stats.high_score = stats.score
sb.prep_high_score()
settings.py
游戏的一些初始化数据的储存，子弹的速度，大小，屏幕的大小等等。
# 储存《外星人入侵》所设置的类
class Settings():
# 初始化游戏的静态属性
def __init__(self):
# 屏幕设置
self.screen_width = 1200
self.screen_height = 800
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# 飞船设置
# 位置
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
self.ship_limit = 3
# 子弹设置(宽高，颜色)
self.bullet_speed_factor = 1 # 速度
self.bullet_width = 3 # 宽度
self.bullet_height = 15 # 高度
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60 # 颜色
self.bullets_allowed = 3
# 外星人设置
self.alien_speed_factor = 1
self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
# fleet_direction为1表示向右移，为-1表示向左移
self.fleet_direction = 1
# 以什么样的速度加快游戏节奏
self.speedup_scale = 1.1
# 外星人点数的提高速度
self.score_scale = 1.5
self.initialize_dynamic_settings()
# 记分
self.alien_points = 50
# 初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置
def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
self.alien_speed_factor = 1
# fleet_direction为1表示向右；为-1表示向左
self.fleet_direction = 1
# 提高速度和外星人点数设置
def increase_speed(self):
self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)
print(self.alien_points)
ship.py
飞船的初始化信息（在屏幕上面显示的位置）和移动。
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Ship(Sprite):
# 初始化飞船并设置其初始位置
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
super(Ship, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
# 加载飞船图像并获取外接矩形
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.png')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
# 将每艘新飞船放在屏幕底部中央
self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom
# 在飞船的属性center中存储小数值
self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)
# 移动标志
self.moving_right = False
self.moving_left = False
# 根据移动标志调整飞船的位置
def update(self):
# 更新飞船的center值，而不是rect
# if self.moving_right:
# 增加不能越界的条件
if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
# self.rect.centerx += 1
self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
# elif self.moving_left:
if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
# self.rect.centerx -= 1
self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
# 根据self.center更新rect对象
self.rect.centerx = self.center
# 在指定位置绘制飞船
def blitme(self):
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
# 让飞船在屏幕上居中
def center_ship(self):
self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx
alien.py
外星人的初始信息（在屏幕上面显示的位置）和移动。
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
# 表示单个外星人的类
class Alien(Sprite):
# 初始化外星人并设置起始位置
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
super(Alien, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settins = ai_settings
# 加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.png')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
# 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
# 存储外星人的准确位置
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
# 在指定位置绘制外星人
def blitme(self):
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
# 向右、左移动外星人
def update(self):
# self.x += self.ai_settins.alien_speed_factor
self.x += (self.ai_settins.alien_speed_factor * self.ai_settins.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x = self.x
# 如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True
def check_edges(self):
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
return True
elif self.rect.left <= 0:
return True
bullet.py
子弹的显示和移动。
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
# 一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类
class Bullet(Sprite):
# 在飞船所处的位置创建一个子弹对象
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):
super(Bullet, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
# 在(0,0)处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，在设置正确的位置
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width, ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
# 存储用小数表示的子弹位置
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
# 向上移动子弹
def update(self):
# 更新表示子弹位置的小数值
self.y -= self.speed_factor
# 更新表示子弹的rect的位置
self.rect.y = self.y
# 在屏幕上绘制子弹
def draw_bullet(self):
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)
game_stats.py
游戏是否结束，统计游戏运行期间的变化。
# 跟踪游戏的统计信息
class GameStats():
# 初始化统计信息
def __init__(self, ai_settings):
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
self.reset_stats()
# 游戏刚启动时处于非活动状态
self.game_active = False
# 在任何情况下都不应重置最高得分
self.high_score = 0
# 初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息
def reset_stats(self):
self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
self.score = 0
self.level = 1
button.py
开始按钮
import pygame.font
class Button():
# 初始化按钮的属性
def __init__(self, ai_setting, screen, msg):
self.screen = screen
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
# 设置按钮的尺寸和其他属性
self.width, self.height = 200, 50
self.button_color = (0, 0, 0)
self.text_color = (255, 255, 255)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)
# 创建按钮的rect的对象，并使其居中
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height)
self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center
# 按钮的标签只需创建一次
self.prep_msg(msg)
# 将msg渲染为图像，并使其在按钮上居中
def prep_msg(self, msg):
self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg, True, self.text_color, self.button_color)
self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center
# 绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮，再绘制文本
def draw_button(self):
self.screen.fill(self.button_color, self.rect)
self.screen.blit(self.msg_image, self.msg_image_rect)
scoreboard.py
当前得分，和最高得分
import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group
from ship import Ship
# 显示得分信息的类
class Scoreboard():
def __init__(self, ai_setting, screen, stats):
self.screen = screen
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
self.ai_setting = ai_setting
self.stats = stats
# 显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
self.text_color = (30, 30, 30)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)
# 准备初始得分图像
self.prep_score()
self.prep_high_score()
self.prep_level()
self.prep_ships()
# 将得分转换为一幅渲染的图像
def prep_score(self):
rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score, -1))
score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_setting.bg_color)
# 将得分放在屏幕右上角
self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20;
self.score_rect.top = 20
# 在屏幕上显示得分和飞船
def show_score(self):
self.screen.blit(self.score_image, self.score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)
# 绘制飞船
self.ships.draw(self.screen)
# 将最高得分转换为渲染的图像
def prep_high_score(self):
high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score, -1))
high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score)
self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_setting.bg_color)
# 将最高得分放在屏幕顶部中央
self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.high_score_rect.top = self.score_rect.top
# 将等级转换为渲染的图像
def prep_level(self):
self.level_image = self.font.render(str(self.stats.level), True, self.text_color, self.ai_setting.bg_color)
# 将等级放在得分下方
self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right
self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10
# 显示还余下多少艘飞船
def prep_ships(self):
self.ships = Group()
for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
ship = Ship(self.ai_setting, self.screen)
ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width
ship.rect.y = 10
self.ships.add(ship)
我们的飞船和下面的飞船相撞或者撞到下面的墙都会输出：“Ship hit!!!”(程序中已经注释)
图片可以自己去找，如果想修改图片可以运用电脑的“画图”工具来实现。
总结
主要是记录一下这个，毕竟敲了这么久了，不过还是要理解。
整个游戏的结构还是是否清晰的，游戏的流程储存在alien_invasion中，为了让程序的可读性更好，把功能封装成对应的函数，把这些函数全部储存到game_functions中，把游戏需要初始化的数据（子弹的大小，颜色，速度等等）全部储存到settings中，ship是对飞船的抽象表示，alien是对外星人的抽象表示，bullet是对子弹的抽象表示，通过button来开始游戏，game_stats来记录整个游戏，用scoreboard统计游戏得分。
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